pondělí 28. února 2011

Bonus za únor


Bonus, který přivolává jaro a léto. Prázdniny na Pálavě, s váženou Mořskou, ve stanu dusno a venku komáři. Čtu Návod k použití světa (tehdy, v létě 2009, teprve podruhé).

François Weil - A History of New York

In fact, the construction of what Chicago School sociologists called the "ghetto" was a complex phenomenon extending over three decades. Racism was not the only factor. The formation of the ghetto was also tied to the influx of Southern black migrants and European immigrants as well as the condition of the real-estate-market.
Harlem's ghetto was built in many stages. The Nieuw Haarlem of the Dutch colonists long remained a village where rich New Yorkers liked to build their country houses. After the New York & Harlem Railroad opened in 1837, it gradually became a suburb. In the early 1880s, the elevated railway connected Harlem - two lines, to the East Side, at Second and Third Avenues, the other to the West Side at Ninth Avenue. In a few years, East Harlem, south of One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, was transformed as tenement housing went up. Irish, Germans, and Italians moved in, these last creating a new "Little Italy" between One Hundred and Fifth and One Hundred and Twentieth Streets. Farther west, developers built very middle-class city houses that attracted wealthy German-American immigrants moving north from lower Manhattan.
Beginning in the mid-1890s, some Lower East Side Jews, in their turn, relocated to Harlem, where real-estate development followed the progress of the trolley lines and, a few years later, the subway line. The wealthiest settled to the west of Lexington Avenue, the poorest to the east. Harlem, with 17,000 Jews in 1900 and 100,000 ten years later, became the second largest Jewish district in New York, behind the Lower East Side.
That was also when the first African-Americans arrived. There were only a few families at the beginning of the century, but by 1910, there were 22,000 more, more then 15,000 of whom lived in a quadrilateral bordered by One Hundred and Thirty-third and One Hundred and Fortieth Streets, Park Avenue, and Lenox Avenue - that is, the northern part of Central Harlem and East Harlem. Until World War I, this constituted the black quarter, which hardly intersected with the Jewish quarter of lower Harlem at all.
The first arrivals were explained by a local real-estate market crisis, linked to an overabundance of construction projects. In a tight spot, some developers agreed to open the market to blacks in 1904-1905, notably through the intervention of a black real-estate agent, Philip A. Payton. In 1904, he founded the Afro-American Realty Company and launched the movement, even though he went bankrupt in 1908. Within a few years, more than 20,000 blacks had settled in Harlem.
About 1910, Harlem was a very diverse district, with strong, locally dominant clusters - Italians in the south-east, Jews in the south, blacks in the north. A small number of Jews still lived in the part of Harlem where blacks were the most numerous. After 1915, the balance was lost, and over the next fifteen years, Harlem was transformed into a black district, simultaneously dynamic and in decline - dynamic because the black population grew more than 120 percent between 1920 and 1930, due to the "Great Migration" of African-Americans from the South. World War I had interrupted European immigration. Afterwards, the American government's hostile immigration policy and changes that had taken place in Europe combined to prevent the return of the great migratory waves of Jewish and Italian immigrants. The massive arrival of blacks brought about major demographic changes in Harlem.
As for Harlem's decline, that had another explanation. The establishment of a war economy in 1917 redirected all resources. Real-estate development programs were suspended, and this came at a time of heavy demand, since the war industries needed manpower. Manhattan experienced unexpected growth, even if New York in general and Harlem in particular were hit by a real-estate crisis since supply was inadequate. Property owners could keep increasing rents and stop maintaining their buildings, which began to deteriorate.
Beginning in 1921, the adoption of fiscal incentive measures led to renewed construction in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx. As white New Yorkers saw their standard of living improve and Harlem properties deteriorate, they gradually left the district. In a few years, Jewish Harlem lost its inhabitants and welcomed increasing number of black residents, whose arrival no doubt accelerated the departure of the remaining Jews. As for the blacks, Harlem was the only neighborhood open to them because of the deep-rooted prejudices they faced everywhere else. Thus property owners could demand high rents, which led to overcrowding, and then further decline in living conditions: a vicious spiral that completely disrupted Harlem.

Z poslední návštěvy New Yorku jsem si přivezla tuhle knížku. Četla jsem ji už v autobuse, jen chvíli poté, co jsme projeli skutečným Harlemem, ze kterého mě mrazilo, i když už se věci od dob ukázky hodně změnily. A protože na New York teď myslím téměř pořád (snad o tom někdy napíšu víc, o hře a hádankách a divadlu) a protože únor je "Black history month", opsala jsem vám dnes obsáhlou ukázku, ať si taky počtete, knížka bude nejspíš pro většinu nedostupná..

neděle 27. února 2011

Rebecca Skloot - The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

Southam was a well-respected cancer researcher and chief of virology at Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. He and many other scientists believed that cancer was caused by either a virus or an immune system deficiency, so Southam decided to use HeLa to test those theories.
In February 1954, Southam loaded a syringe with saline solution mixed with HeLa. He slid the needle into the forearm of a woman who'd recently been hospitalized for leukemia, then pusher the plunger, injecting about five million of Henrietta's cells into her arm. Using a second needle, Southam tattooed a tiny speck of India ink next to the small bump that formed at the HeLa injection site. That way, he'd know where to look when he reexamined the woman days, weeks and months later, to see if Henrietta's cancer was growing on her arm. He repeated this process with about a dozen other cancer patients. He told them he was testing their immune systems; he said nothing about injecting them with someone else's malignant cells.
Within hours, the patients' forearm grew red and swollen. Five to ten days later, hard nodules began growing at the injection sites. Southam removed some of the nodules to verify that they were cancerous, but he left several to see if the patients' immune system would reject them or the cancer would spread. Within two weeks, some of the nodules had grown to two centimeters - about the size of Henrietta's tumor when she went for her radium treatments.
Southam eventually removed most of the HeLa tumors, and those he didn't remove vanished on their own in a few months. But in four patients, the nodules grew back. He removed them, but they returned again and again. In one patient, Henrietta's cancer cells metastasized to her lymph nodes.
Since those patients had all had cancer to begin with, Southam wanted to see how healthy people reacted to the injections, for comparison's sake. So, in May 1956, he placed an ad in the Ohio State Penitentiary newsletter: Physician seeks 25 volunteers for cancer research. A few days later he had ninety-six volunteers, which quickly increased to 150.

Neděle večer, v televizi jde předávání Oscarů, americká pozlacená krása na plný plyn, tak se pojďme podívat na kousek Ameriky, který je přinejmenším kontroverzní. O HeLa buňkách slyšel určitě i ten, kdo se nevěnuje přírodním vědám, je to první a zároveň nejúspěšnější buněčná linie udržovaná (pěstovaná?) člověkem. Kniha je fascinující. Rebecca Skloot se soustředí na člověka "za" buňkami, tedy na osud Henrietty Lacks a její rodiny, ale právě ten osud ji zavádí i k obecným úvahám o tom, kdo vlastní lidské buňky, komu patří poté, co jsou oddělené od zbytku těla, co v téhle souvislosti říká zákon a co je nepsané pravidlo. Pár buněk odebraných z tumoru Henrietty Lacks na začátku padesátých let dalo vznik obrovskému "průmyslovému" odvětví medicíny, díky jejich vysoké malignitě se je podařilo udržet uměle, žijí dnes déle, než žila samotná Henrietta, rozesílají se za pár desítek dolarů ve zkumavkách po celém světě, dokonce do vesmíru. Umožnily vývoj vakcíny proti dětské obrně, proti rakovině děložního čípku, pomáhají ve výzkumu AIDS, přitom žijící příbuzní Henrietty neměli dlouho nejmenší tušení, že buňky jejich matky "přežily" její smrt.. Je taky velmi zajímavé číst si o tom, jakým způsobem se prováděl výzkum dřív, v dobách, kdy ještě nikdo nemluvil o právech pacientů nebo informovaném souhlasu (viz ukázku).
Ze všech sil doporučuju k přečtení, není to skandalizující, ale dostatečně otevřené a popisné a budete mít dlouho o čem přemýšlet.

Miroslav Fišmeister - Z

V trolejbuse
tmavožluté krychličky smrti,

modré krychličky smrti.

Bageta kavárenské zahrádky.
Jen dvě zatáčky k tobě;
mezi nimi nekonečno.



V krajině, kterou opustila sova,
s psem na rtech,
mé vousy němě salutují Belmondovi:
přimhouření rtů:
samota s balkónem.



Nikdo na tebe nezvoní.
A kdo ví,
že v lesích tančíš?
Strom po stromu
učím se tvé jméno.


MFovu poezii mám ráda, protože je hravá, protože je blízká, protože je odžitá a opravdová. Dívá se kolem sebe jako nikdo jiný a ze světla, které dopadá na scinkův hřbet, upíše báseň. Tak se mi to zdá správně. Čtěte jeho knihy a taky jeho blog, nudit se nebudete.

P.S. Mirku, omlouvám se za malinko zkreslené formátování první básně, je to to nejlepší, co se svou chabou znalostí html dovedu :)

pátek 25. února 2011

William Shakespeare - Macbeth

MACBETH [To Servant]
Go bid thy mistress, when my drink is ready,
She strike upon the bell. Get thee to bed.

Exit [Servant].

Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight? or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?
I see thee yet, in form as palpable
As this which now I draw.
Thou marshal'st me the way that I was going,
And such an instrument I was to use.
Mine eyes are made the fools o' th' other sensens,
Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still,
And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood,
Which was not so before. There's no such thing.
It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to mine eyes. Now o'er the one half-world
Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse
The curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates
Pale Hecate's offerings; and withered murder,
Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf,
Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace,
With Tarquin's ravishing side, towards his design
Moves like a ghost. Thous sure and firm-set earth,
Hear not my steps which way they walk, for fear
Thy very stones prate of my whereabout
And take the present horror from the time,
Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives;
Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.

A bell rings.

I go, and it is done. The bell invites me.
Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell
That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.

To proto, že jsem dnes strávila dvě hodiny večer luštěním jedné zapeklité hádanky, která se váže k divadelnímu představení, které je tak trochu Macbeth. Vůbec, zmiňované divadlo okupuje teď spoustu mojí pozornosti, nepamatuju si, co mě naposledy donutilo číst v 6 ráno v autobuse Shakespeara. Čtení je to namáhavé a krásné, někdy si musím vyslovovat nahlas, abych si pomohla k lepší srozumitelnosti, a cestou objevuju spoustu věcí, které už znám, z odkazů a narážek odjinud. A teď jsem si tu ukázku četla několikrát, jak to opisuju a líbí se mi čím dál víc. Jdu někam zjistit něco o teorii verše. Máte oblíbeného Shakespeara?

čtvrtek 24. února 2011

Michael Cunningham - By Nightfall

"The world is exhausting sometimes, isn't it?" she says.
Peace made. And yet. Rebecca is capable of remembering every slight, and of trotting out months' worth of Peter's crimes when an argument heat up. Has he committed some infraction tonight, something he'll hear about in June or July?
"Mm-hm," he says. "You know, I think we can definitively say that Elena is serious about the hair and glasses, et cetera."
"I told you she was."
"You never did."
"You just don't remember."
The cab stops for the light at Sixty-fifth Street.
Here they are: a middle-aged couple in the back of a cab (this driver's name is Abel Hibbert, he's young and jumpy, silent, fuming). Here are Peter and his wife, married for twenty-one (almost twenty-two) years, companionable by now, prone to banter, not much sex anymore but not no sex, not like other long-married couples he could name, and yeah, at a certain age you can imagine bigger accomplishments, a more potent and inextinguishable satisfaction, but what you've made for yourself isn't bad, it's not bad at all. Peter Harris, hostile child, horrible adolescent, winner of various second prizes, has arrived at this ordinary moment, connected, engaged, loved, his wife's breath warm on his neck, going home.
Come sail away, come sail away, come sail away with me, doop doop de doop...
That song again.
The light changes. The driver accelerates.

Tuhle knihu jsem pro dnešek vybrala hlavně proto, že zítra zmizí. Mám ji na Kindle, půjčenou od P~O a zítra se mu sama vrátí. Přečetla jsem ji o víkendu za pár hodin, ani ne proto, že bych musela tak rychle, ale protože se mi nechtělo opustit ten pocit, který jsem při čtení zažívala, těžko popsatelnou směs nadšení a zděšení z toho, jak reálné a neodvratitelné mi to připadá. Cunningham má smysl pro detail, a dokáže ve dvou větách vystihnout atmosféru, náladu hlavního hrdiny, stísněnosti všedního dne. Doufám, že brzy bude i česky.

středa 23. února 2011

Pavel Šrut - Lichožrouti

Vysvětlivka o Vasilovi

Rozdíl mezi člověkem a lichožroutem není tak veliký, jak byste si snad mysleli. Tím, že žijí pospolu s lidmi (i když ti o tom nevědí), získávají lidské vlastnosti.
Dobré, špatné i ty nejhorší.
Ale ani toho nejušlechtilejšího lichožrouta neodnaučíte krást ponožky. Před chvílí jste to viděli na Hihlíkovi.
Na kamarádovu ponožku už nesáhne, ale vůbec mu nedojde, že krást ponožky v krematoriu je prostě nechutné.
Můžete mu to vtloukat do hlavy horem dolem, stejně to nepochopí.
Je jako poštovní holub. Ten se naučí létat se vzkazy sem a tam a nikdy nezabloudí. To ano. Ale že nemá kálet na hlavu bronzové sochy slavného spisovatele v parku uprostřed města, to mu žádný holubář nevysvětlí.
Když pochopíte tohle, pochopíte i Vasila.

Mám pocit, že od Pavla Šruta bych toho chtěla číst víc. Nalákala mě tahle dětská gangsterka. Pro dnešek vzdávám pokusy o pochopení Vasila, o pochopení čehokoli na planetě a jdu se někam zahrabat. Off